A Glyphosate-Resistant Biotype of Annual Bluegrass in Tennessee

Glyphosate is regularly used to control annual bluegrass populations in dormant bermudagrass turf. A population of annual bluegrass not controlled by glyphosate at 840 g ha(-1) (glyphosate resistant, GR) was identified on a golf course in Humboldt, TN in 2010. Mature tillers of GR plants were established in a greenhouse and treated with glyphosate at 0, 210, 420, 840, 1,680, 3,360, and 6,720 g ha(-1). Mature tillers of a biotype known to be susceptible to glyphosate (SS) were also established in the greenhouse and subjected to the same treatments. At 14 d after treatment (DAT), glyphosate controlled the SS biotype > 95% at rates > 420 g ha(-1). Comparatively, the GR biotype was only controlled 76% with glyphosate at 6,720 g ha(-1). The rates required to provide 50% control (150 values) for SS and GR biotypes were 236 and 2,812 g ha(-1) respectively, resulting in a resistance factor of 12. Photochemical efficiency (F-v/F-m) values on SS plants treated with glyphosate at > 210 g ha(-1) measured 0.000 at 14 DAT, whereas F-v/F-m values on GR plants were not significantly different from the untreated control with glyphosate rates <= 840 g ha(-1) on the same date. In laboratory experiments, the SS biotype accumulated greater shikimate concentrations than the GR biotype 3 to 6 DAT. Future research should evaluate strategies for managing GR and SS annual bluegrass with alternative modes of action.