Flashing injection of high temperature hydrocarbon liquid jets

An experimental study was conducted to investigate the flashing injection and spray characteristics of pressurized high-temperature liquid hydrocarbon issuing from a plain orifice nozzle. The fuel was heated to 553 K (280 degrees C) using an induction heater, at an upstream pressure of up to 1.0 MPa, and injected to atmospheric pressure conditions through a sharp-edged orifice of diameter 0.7 mm and length 4.3 mm. The effects of flashing high temperature fuel on the hydraulic characteristics were explored by representing the discharge coefficient (C-d) with respect to the dimensionless superheat degree (Delta T*), and it was found that the Cd curves of three different Delta P conditions coincide remarkably well over the entire range of Delta T*. Averaged Mie scattering images of the superheated fuel spray clearly show some of the typical features of flash boiling, including wide spray angle and homogeneous droplet distribution. Analysis of the spray angle (theta) with respect to the fuel injection temperature suggests that theta converges to a certain value irrespective of Delta P as T-inj increases; the converging trend of the spray angle is identified even more clearly when 8 is drawn with respect to the pressure ratio (115). The Weber number (We) diagram and averaged Mie scattering images show that the breakup regime of the high temperature hydrocarbon liquid jets can be broken down into four modes: a turbulent primary breakup mode, an aerodynamic bag/shear breakup mode, a transitional flashing mode, and a fully flashing mode. The Weber number diagram reveals that when T-inj exceeds the boiling point, the effect of We on the liquid column breakup mode almost disappears. Instead, the spray and atomization characteristics of flashing liquid jets is dependent on R-p (or the superheat degree) for very high fuel injection temperature conditions. The high temperature hydrocarbon liquid jets are found to break into fine mist very quickly as T-ini increases beyond the boiling point, and the spray pattern converges to a very short, broad liquid core and a wide spray angle of up to 110 degrees.