An industrial emissions inventory of calcium for Europe

The base cations calcium, magnesium and potassium, have been observed to be declining in air and precipitation in both Europe and North America. There is good evidence that this is the result of declining emissions of fly ash from industrial plant, as a result of increased abatement and industrial decline. This may have the effect of offsetting the effects of declines in acidic emissions, in terms of net deposited acidity. In order to reconcile source strengths of base cations, an industrial emissions inventory of calcium, the dominant base cation in air and precipitation, has been compiled. The main sources identified were: cement plants; iron and steel plants; and coal combustion from both large and small boilers. The overall emission was calculated to be between approximately 750 and 800 ktonnes Ca yr(-1). The dominant source was coal combustion from domestic and small boilers. Of the point sources, cement production dominated over coal combustion, and iron and steel plant. The emission factors used are very uncertain, which gives the inventory a large uncertainty. Furthermore, the emissions are compiled on a base year of 1990. and large changes have taken place in the industrial structuring of the largest contributing countries. Despite the uncertainties, the compilation of the inventory represents a vital first step in understanding the sources of deposited calcium and its effect on net deposited acidity. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.