Increased asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity in childhood hypercholesterolemia type II

Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) systemic concentrations are elevated in hypercholesterolemic adults and contribute to nitric oxide (NO) dependent endothelial dysfunction. Decreased activity of the key ADMA-hydrolyzing enzyme dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) may be involved. Yet, the ADMA/DDAH/NO pathway has not been investigated in childhood hypercholesterolemia. We studied 64 children with hypercholesterolemia type II (HCh-II) and 54 normocholesterolemic (NCh) children (mean +/- A SD; age, years: 11.1 +/- A 3.5 vs. 11.9 +/- A 4.6). Plasma and urine ADMA was measured by GC-MS/MS. Dimethylamine (DMA), the ADMA metabolite, creatinine, nitrite and nitrate in urine were measured by GC-MS. The DMA/ADMA molar ratio in urine was calculated to estimate whole body DDAH activity. ADMA plasma concentration (mean +/- A SD; nM: 571 +/- A 85 vs. 542 +/- A 110, P = 0.17) and ADMA urinary excretion rate (mean +/- A SD: 7.1 +/- A 2 versus 7.2 +/- A 3 mu mol/mmol creatinine, P = 0.6) were similar in HCh-II and NCh children. Both DMA excretion rate [median (25th-75th percentile): 56.3 (46.4-109.1) vs. 45.2 (22.2-65.5) mu mol/mmol creatinine, P = 0.0004] and DMA/ADMA molar ratio [median (25th-75th percentile): 9.2 (6.0-16.3) vs. 5.4 (3.8-9.4), P = 0.0004] were slightly but statistically significantly increased in HCh-II children compared to NCh children. Plasma and urinary nitrite and nitrate were similar in both groups. In HCh-II whole body DDAH activity is elevated as compared to NCh. HCh-II children treated with drugs for hypercholesterolemia had lower plasma ADMA levels than untreated HCh-II or NCh children, presumably via increased DDAH activity. Differences between treated and untreated HCh-II children were not due to differences in age. In conclusion, HCh-II children do not have elevated ADMA plasma levels, largely due to an apparent increase in DDAH activity. While this would tend to limit development of endothelial dysfunction, it is not clear whether this might be medication-induced or represent a primary change in HCh-II children.