The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals
被引:128
作者:
Arnold, Arthur P.
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Brain Res Inst, Neuroendocrinol Lab, Dept Integrat Biol & Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Brain Res Inst, Neuroendocrinol Lab, Dept Integrat Biol & Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Arnold, Arthur P.
[1
]
机构:
[1] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Brain Res Inst, Neuroendocrinol Lab, Dept Integrat Biol & Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
The 20th-century theory of mammalian sex determination states that the embryo is sexually indifferent until the differentiation of gonads, after which sex differences in phenotype are caused by the differential effects of gonadal hormones. However, this theory is inadequate because some sex differences precede differentiation of the gonads and/or are determined by non-gonadal effects of the sexual inequality in the number and type of sex chromosomes. In this article, I propose a general theory of sex determination, which recognizes multiple parallel primary sex-determining pathways initiated by genes or factors encoded by the sex chromosomes. The separate sex-specific pathways interact to synergize with or antagonize each other, enhancing or reducing sex differences in phenotype.
机构:
W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Robinson D.P.
Huber S.A.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Huber S.A.
Moussawi M.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Moussawi M.
Roberts B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Roberts B.
Teuscher C.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Teuscher C.
Watkins R.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Watkins R.
Arnold A.P.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Arnold A.P.
Klein S.L.
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机构:
W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Smith-Bouvier, Deborah L.
Divekar, Anagha A.
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h-index: 0
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Divekar, Anagha A.
Sasidhar, Manda
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Sasidhar, Manda
Du, Sienmi
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Du, Sienmi
Tiwari-Woodruff, Seema K.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Tiwari-Woodruff, Seema K.
King, Jennifer K.
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h-index: 0
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Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
King, Jennifer K.
Arnold, Arthur P.
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h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Arnold, Arthur P.
Singh, Ram Raj
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Singh, Ram Raj
Voskuhl, Rhonda R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
机构:
W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Robinson D.P.
Huber S.A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Huber S.A.
Moussawi M.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Moussawi M.
Roberts B.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Pathology, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Roberts B.
Teuscher C.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Medicine, University of Vermont, BurlingtonW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Teuscher C.
Watkins R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Watkins R.
Arnold A.P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los AngelesW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
Arnold A.P.
Klein S.L.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
W Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, BaltimoreW Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Smith-Bouvier, Deborah L.
Divekar, Anagha A.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Divekar, Anagha A.
Sasidhar, Manda
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Sasidhar, Manda
Du, Sienmi
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Du, Sienmi
Tiwari-Woodruff, Seema K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Tiwari-Woodruff, Seema K.
King, Jennifer K.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
King, Jennifer K.
Arnold, Arthur P.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Physiol Sci, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Arnold, Arthur P.
Singh, Ram Raj
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Pathol & Lab Med, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
Singh, Ram Raj
Voskuhl, Rhonda R.
论文数: 0引用数: 0
h-index: 0
机构:
Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Neurol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USAUniv Calif Los Angeles, Dept Med, Div Rheumatol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA