The end of gonad-centric sex determination in mammals

被引：128
作者：
Arnold, Arthur P. [1 ]
机构：
[1] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Brain Res Inst, Neuroendocrinol Lab, Dept Integrat Biol & Physiol, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
来源：
TRENDS IN GENETICS | 2012年 / 28卷 / 02期
关键词：
CHROMOSOME COMPLEMENT; X-CHROMOSOME; GENE-EXPRESSION; DOSAGE COMPENSATION; MOUSE-BRAIN; ADULT; SRY; DIFFERENTIATION; INACTIVATION; MICE;
D O I：
10.1016/j.tig.2011.10.004
中图分类号：
Q3 [遗传学];
学科分类号：
071007 ; 090102 ;
摘要：
The 20th-century theory of mammalian sex determination states that the embryo is sexually indifferent until the differentiation of gonads, after which sex differences in phenotype are caused by the differential effects of gonadal hormones. However, this theory is inadequate because some sex differences precede differentiation of the gonads and/or are determined by non-gonadal effects of the sexual inequality in the number and type of sex chromosomes. In this article, I propose a general theory of sex determination, which recognizes multiple parallel primary sex-determining pathways initiated by genes or factors encoded by the sex chromosomes. The separate sex-specific pathways interact to synergize with or antagonize each other, enhancing or reducing sex differences in phenotype.
引用
收藏
页码：55 / 61
页数：7
相关论文
共 74 条
  • [1] Sex Differences in the Cerebellum and Frontal Cortex: Roles of Estrogen Receptor Alpha and Sex Chromosome Genes
    Abel, Jean M.
    Witt, Diane M.
    Rissman, Emilie F.
    [J]. NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 2011, 93 (04) : 230 - 240
  • [2] Neural, not gonadal, origin of brain sex differences in a gynandromorphic finch
    Agate, RJ
    Grisham, W
    Wade, J
    Mann, S
    Wingfield, J
    Schanen, C
    Palotie, A
    Arnold, AP
    [J]. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 2003, 100 (08) : 4873 - 4878
  • [3] Sex chromosomes and brain gender
    Arnold, AP
    [J]. NATURE REVIEWS NEUROSCIENCE, 2004, 5 (09) : 701 - 708
  • [4] A bird's-eye view of sex chromosome dosage compensation
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    Itoh, Yuichiro
    Melamed, Esther
    [J]. ANNUAL REVIEW OF GENOMICS AND HUMAN GENETICS, 2008, 9 : 109 - 127
  • [5] Factors causing sex differences in birds
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    Itoh, Yuichiro
    [J]. AVIAN BIOLOGY RESEARCH, 2011, 4 (02) : 44 - 51
  • [6] The organizational-activational hypothesis as the foundation for a unified theory of sexual differentiation of all mammalian tissues
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    [J]. HORMONES AND BEHAVIOR, 2009, 55 (05) : 570 - 578
  • [7] Mouse Models for Evaluating Sex Chromosome Effects that Cause Sex Differences in Non-Gonadal Tissues
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    [J]. JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 2009, 21 (04) : 377 - 386
  • [8] What does the "four core genotypes" mouse model tell us about sex differences in the brain and other tissues?
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    Chen, Xuqi
    [J]. FRONTIERS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY, 2009, 30 (01) : 1 - 9
  • [9] Dissociation of Genetic and Hormonal Influences on Sex Differences in Alcoholism-Related Behaviors
    Barker, Jacqueline M.
    Torregrossa, Mary M.
    Arnold, Arthur P.
    Taylor, Jane R.
    [J]. JOURNAL OF NEUROSCIENCE, 2010, 30 (27) : 9140 - 9144
  • [10] Escape from X inactivation in mice and humans
    Berletch, Joel B.
    Yang, Fan
    Disteche, Christine M.
    [J]. GENOME BIOLOGY, 2010, 11 (06):
12345678