p53 regulation Teamwork between RING domains of Mdm2 and MdmX

p53 is a major tumor suppressor frequently inactivated through direct gene mutation and alternative mechanisms including overexpression of Mdm2 and MdmX. Both Mdm2 and MdmX are essential for negative regulation of p53 in vivo in a mutually dependent manner. The RING domain dependent E3 ligase activity of Mdm2 has been shown to be essential for negative regulation of p53. The prevailing model has dubbed MdmX as an inhibitor of p53 transcriptional activity through direct binding of its N-terminal domain to p53. However, recent findings established an essential role of the RING domain of MdmX in p53 degradation in vitro and in vivo. Biochemically, Mdm2 on its own is a monoubiquitination E3 ligase, however, MdmX can convert Mdm2 into a polyubiquitination E3 ligase necessary for p53 proteasomal degradation in cells, through their RING-RING interaction. While Mdm2 is the catalytic component of Mdm2/MdmX E3 complex, MdmX is both the activating component and a substrate of the holoenzyme. Knock-in of RING mutant MdmX in mice causes p53-dependent embryonic lethality in a similar manner as knockout of MdmX whole gene. These recent advancements in the field assigned an essential role of the RING domain of MdmX in negative regulation of p53 in vivo, just like Mdm2 RING domain, through p53 degradation.