Case Report: Prenatal Diagnosis and Treatment of Fetal Autoimmune-Associated First-Degree Atrioventricular Block: First Report From China

Background: The rapid progression from fetal first-degree atrioventricular block (AVB) to third-degree AVB had been reported. However, how to define fetal first-degree AVB with proper technique and the necessity of the treatment in utero for fetal autoimmune-associated first-degree AVB are still controversial. Purpose: To explore the diagnosis and the effect of treatment for fetal first-degree AVB. Cases Presentation: Four pregnant women with positive autoantibodies anti-SSA/Ro were admitted into our hospital with complaints of rapid prolonged atrioventricular (AV) intervals of their fetuses. Fetal AV intervals were re-measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) from the onset of atrial contraction to ventricular systole (Aa-Sa), which were 170 ms (case 1-twin A), 160 ms (case 1-twin B), 163 ms (case 2) and 172 ms (case 3) and 170 ms (case 4), respectively. The histories of medication usage or infection during gestation were denied. Amniotic fluid genetic screenings and virological tests were negative in all cases. No structural cardiac disorders were found and the cardiovascular profile scores were 10 for each fetus. Oral dexamethasone (initial dose of 4.5 mg daily) and hydroxychloroquine (200 mg bid) plus weekly follow-up surveillance were suggested. The dosage of dexamethasone was adjusted according to the changes of the AV intervals and fetal development of biparietal diameters (BPD) and femur lengths (FL). All fetal AV intervals were controlled well. Maternal and fetal adverse effects were noted as diabetes in 1 mother and growth retardation in all fetuses. All fetuses were delivered via cesarean section at 35(+4), 37, 38, and 37(+1) gestational weeks, with 10 scores of Apgar score. Postnatally, positive anti-SSA/Ro was found in all neonates. However, there were no clinical or laboratory evidence of neonatal lupus syndrome. No abnormal signs were found on postnatal electrocardiogram and echocardiography for all neonates. With a follow-up of 8-53 months, there was no progression of disease and all infants demonstrated normal physical, mental, and motor development. Conclusion: Prenatal treatment for fetal autoimmune-associated first-degree AVB could be an alternative. Strict surveillance and timely adjustment of the treatment according to the conditions of the mother and the fetus are indicated. Further studies are necessary to prove our concept.