Adsorption of metal on pineapple leaf biochar: Key affecting factors, mechanism identification, and regeneration evaluation

Although tremendous works have been done on metal adsorption via biochar, mechanisms responsible for metal adsorption remain uncertain. This is the first work that provides direct evidence on the identification of Ni(II), Zn (II), and Cu(II) adsorption mechanisms on pineapple leaf biochar (PLB) using surface characteristics analyses, including X-ray photoelectron spectroscope (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscope (FTIR), and scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscope (SEM-EDS). From Langmuir isotherm fitting, the maximum adsorption capacity of PLB for Ni(II), Zn(II), and Cu(II) are 44.88, 46.00, and 53.14 mg g-1, respectively, surpassing all biochars reported in the literature. Findings of surface characterization techniques coupled with cation released during adsorption, cation exchange, and surface complexation mechanisms were proposed. PLB is reusable and remains sufficient adsorption capacity even six consecutive cycles via pressure cooker regeneration. With high regenerability and ultrahigh adsorption capacity, PLB defines itself as a promising adsorbent for future applications in metal-laden wastewater.