Evidence for a Long-Lived, Cu-Coupled and Oxygen-Inert Disulfide Radical Anion in the Assembly of Metallothionein-3 Cu(I)4-Thiolate Cluster

The human copper-binding protein metallothionein-3 (MT-3) can reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) and form a polynuclear Cu(I)(4)-Cys(5-6) cluster concomitant with intramolecular disulfide bonds formation, but the cluster is unusually inert toward O-2 and redox-cycling. We utilized a combined array of rapid-mixing spectroscopic techniques to identify and characterize the transient radical intermediates formed in the reaction between Zn7MT-3 and Cu(II) to form Cu(I)(4)Zn(II)(4)MT-3. Stopped-flow electronic absorption spectroscopy reveals the rapid formation of transient species with absorption centered at 430-450 nm and consistent with the generation of disulfide radical anions (DRAs) upon reduction of Cu(II) by MT-3 cysteine thiolates. These DRAs are oxygen-stable and unusually long-lived, with lifetimes in the seconds regime. Subsequent DRAs reduction by Cu(II) leads to the formation of a redox-inert Cu(I)(4)-Cys(5) cluster with short Cu-Cu distances (<2.8 angstrom), as revealed by low-temperature (77 K) luminescence spectroscopy. Rapid freeze-quench Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy characterization of the intermediates confirmed the DRA nature of the sulfur-centered radicals and their subsequent oxidation to disulfide bonds upon Cu(II) reduction, generating the final Cu(I)(4)-thiolate cluster. EPR simulation analysis of the radical g- and A-values indicate that the DRAs are directly coupled to Cu(I), potentially explaining the observed DRA stability in the presence of O-2. We thus provide evidence that the MT-3 Cu(I)(4)-Cys(5) cluster assembly process involves the controlled formation of novel long-lived, copper-coupled, and oxygen-stable disulfide radical anion transient intermediates.