Sham surgeries for central and peripheral neural injuries persistently enhance pain-avoidance behavior as revealed by an operant conflict test

被引:22
作者
Odem, Max A. [1 ]
Lacagnina, Michael J. [2 ]
Katzen, Stephen L. [1 ]
Li, Jiahe [2 ]
Spence, Emily A. [1 ]
Grace, Peter M. [2 ]
Walters, Edgar T. [1 ]
机构
[1] UTHealth, McGovern Med Sch, Dept Integrat Biol & Pharmacol, Houston, TX USA
[2] Univ Texas MD Anderson Canc Ctr, Dept Symptom Res, Houston, TX 77030 USA
关键词
Evoked pain; Affective pain; Exploratory drive; Reflex hypersensitivity; Nociceptors; SPINAL-CORD-INJURY; CHRONIC POSTSURGICAL PAIN; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; RAT MODEL; ANIMAL-MODELS; MECHANICAL SENSITIVITY; SKIN/MUSCLE INCISION; PRIMARY NOCICEPTORS; CONTUSION INJURY; NERVE;
D O I
10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001642
中图分类号
R614 [麻醉学];
学科分类号
100217 ;
摘要
Studies using rodent models of neuropathic pain use sham surgery control procedures that cause deep tissue damage. Sham surgeries would thus be expected to induce potentially long-lasting postsurgical pain, but little evidence for such pain has been reported. Operant tests of voluntary behavior can reveal negative motivational and cognitive aspects of pain that may provide sensitive tools for detecting pain-related alterations. In a previously described operant mechanical conflict test involving lengthy familiarization and training, rodents freely choose to either escape from a brightly lit chamber by crossing sharp probes or refuse to cross. Here, we describe a brief (2-day) mechanical conflict protocol that exploits rats' innate exploratory response to a novel environment to detect persistently enhanced pain-avoidance behavior after sham surgeries for 2 neural injury models: thoracic spinal cord injury and chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. Pitting the combined motivations to avoid the bright light and to explore the novel device against pain from crossing noxious probes disclosed a conflicting, hyperalgesia-related reluctance to repeatedly cross the probes after injury. Rats receiving standard sham surgeries demonstrated enhanced pain-like avoidance behavior compared with naive controls, and this behavior was similar to that of corresponding chronic constriction injury or spinal cord injury rats weeks or months after injury. In the case of sham surgery for spinal cord injury, video analysis of voluntary exploratory behavior directed at the probes revealed enhanced forepaw withdrawal responses. These findings have important implications for preclinical investigations into behavioral alterations and physiological mechanisms associated with postsurgical and neuropathic pain.
引用
收藏
页码:2440 / 2455
页数:16
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