Milk Consumption and Bone Mineral Density in Adults: Using Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2011

Background: Milk consumption is associated with bone mineral density (BMD), but reports are limited in terms of participant age, sex, and number of study subjects. We investigated the association between milk consumption and BMD in South Korean adults (>= 20 years). Methods: We analyzed men and women aged >= 20 years who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2008-2011. We used linear regression to calculate the mean BMD and 95% confidence interval (CI) based on the frequency of milk consumption. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI for T-scores <=-2.5 (osteoporosis) in both men aged >= 50 years and postmenopausal women. Results: In total 8,539 subjects were studied. Drinking milk more than once a day was associated with higher BMD in the total femur and femoral neck in men aged <50 years and lumbar spine in men aged >= 50 years, compared to less than once a week. It was also associated with lower ORs for osteoporosis of the femoral neck and lumbar spine in men aged >= 50 years (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.125-0.979 and OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.143-0.804, respectively). In postmenopausal women who consumed milk 2-6 times weekly, higher BMD and lower OR for osteoporosis were observed in the total femur (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.055-0.958). Conclusion: This study suggests that frequent milk consumption could potentially reduce osteoporosis incidence in South Korean adults. Further prospective study is necessary to elucidate the effect of milk consumption on BMD.