Immunomodulatory activity of ethanol extract of Annona reticulata L. leaf in cultured immune cells and in Swiss albino mice

Background: Annona reticulata Linn, has been shown to possess antipyretic, antihelmintic, hypoglycemic, antiulcer and wound healing properties. However, its immunomodulatory role is yet to be explored. Objective(s): In the present study, we intended to investigate the effects of A. reticulata leaf ethanol extract on various components of the immune system. Material and methods: The effects of A. reticulata leaf extract on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, monocyte (THP1), and human macrophage (U937) cell lines were investigated. An animal study was conducted to observe the effect of the extract on humoral as well as cell mediated immunity. Results: The extract stimulated proliferation of human PBMC, monocytes (THP1), and macrophages (U937) significantly in a dose dependent manner; expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) increased in western blot analysis. Additionally, the extract treated macrophages exhibited features of activation under the microscope with a significant hike in the NO production. Flow cytometry of extract treated human PBMC revealed increased proliferation of lymphocytes (CD4, CD8 & B-cells) along with enhanced intracellular expression of IL-2, IL-6. Animal study data indicate a significant rise in the antibody titer as well as a strong delayed type hypersensitivity response in the extract (150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg) treated mice; furthermore, the expression of IL-2 and IL-6 in mice PBMC was augmented. Conclusion: The collective data evince the immunomodulatory potential of A. reticulata L. leaf. (C) 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Institute of Transdisciplinary Health Sciences and Technology and World Ayurveda Foundation.