Blockchain applications and architectures for port operations and logistics management

Efficient port logistic operations and management are critical for global trade and transportation services. The current port logistic handling systems are highly centralized and offer limited opportunities for collaboration among diverse stakeholders. Moreover, existing systems fall short of providing traceability, transparency, information security, and immutability of data stored and exchanged during various operational pro- cesses. As a result, the productivity of port terminals is adversely affected. Blockchain is an emerging technology that provides traceability, transparency, auditability through immutable provenance data of on-chain trusted transactions, in a decentralized manner without intermediaries or trusted third parties. In this paper, we discuss the potential role of blockchain technology in transforming port logistic operations and services, provide use cases and frameworks that improve port logistics operations. Furthermore, we employ permissioned blockchain architectures to map port logistics services to highlight system components, participants, and deployment alternatives to automate logistics operations. Finally, we outline open research issues and challenges that are barriers to adoption