Strategies for controlled synthesis of nanoparticles derived from a group of uniform materials based on organic salts

Over the past several years, nanomaterials derived from a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) have been introduced into the scientific literature involving many analytical, biological, and technological applications. In this regard, these nanoGUMBOS have been shown to display a number of unique properties including fluorescence, magnetism, tumor targeting, and optoelectronic. To date, however, little focus has been placed on developing and refining approaches for generation of size-controlled nanoGUMBOS from GUMBOS building blocks. Herein, we describe a systematic effort to define various strategies for the production of well-defined nanoGUMBOS. Specifically, we describe methods based on (i) sonochemical, (ii) microwave-assisted, (iii) cyclodextrin-assisted, and (iv) surfactant-assisted syntheses of nanoGUMBOS, evaluating the efficiency of each technique in controlling the size, sphericity, and uniformity of nanoGUMBOS produced. The effect of systematic variation in experimental parameters such as concentration, cation-to-anion ratio, as well as presence and type of template introduced for formation of nanoGUMBOS is also investigated. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.