Effect of Zinc and Nickel Treatments on Improvement of the Osmotic Defense System of Wheat Plant Under Salinity Stress

The present experiments were performed to determine the effects of Zn (20 mu M and 200 mu M) and Ni (1 mu M and 100 mu M) on the growth and metabolic activities in the roots, shoots, and spikes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Gimiza 11 grown under different salinity conditions. In addition to identifying the osmotic tolerance of wheat, the roles of Zn and Ni in alleviating osmotic stress were examined. The root was the organ most sensitive to osmotic stress, whereas the shoot was the most resistant, and the spike was the intermediate. These three organs negatively responded to increasing osmotic stress levels, as fresh and dry matter decreased, and related biochemical parameters were adversely affected. However, fresh and dry matter were generally elevated when plants were supplemented with Zn or Ni under increasing osmotic stress. The sensitivity of roots was associated with depletion in the concentrations of sugars and free proline, whereas soluble protein and amino acid levels were increased. The stress tolerance of shoots and spikes was accompanied by an increase in soluble sugars, soluble proteins, and proline, while amino acid levels increased in spikes only. The Na+ and IC+ content in wheat plants increased with increasing NaCl-induced osmotic stress levels. In turn, the accumulation and partitioning of Na+ and IC+ did not vary among the three organs, both at different salt concentrations and between Zn or Ni treatments. Moreover, the present results show that the concentrations of anthocyanins, flavonoids, and -ascorbic acid increased under exposure to osmotic stress and did not change significantly under Zn or Ni treatments.