Resource convergence for post disaster recovery

The Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami of March 2011 disrupted the social-ecological systems of marine resource-dependent communities in Northeast Japan. The fishing communi-ties and seafood manufacturers in the area have adopted tourism as a pillar for post-disaster recovery through linking various elements of different industries. The study offers theoretical and empirical work on tourism social-ecological systems to understand the interactions be-tween resources and various users in a multi-layer governance framework. The resilience of a system is captured by a matrix for new and existing resources and users formed by four op-tions for resource convergence, including persistence, adaptability, transformability, and pre-paredness. The framework and the matrix of resilience outcomes could be applied to manage destinations where disasters have caused severe damage.(c) 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.