The Pleasures and Anxieties of Being in the Middle: Emerging Middle-Class Identities in Urban South India

Recent economic changes in India have coincided with a dramatic change in the concept of a 'middle class' in the south Indian city of Madurai. Whereas previous sets of class identities were overwhelmingly dichotomous ( for example, the rich and the poor, or the 'big people' and 'those who have nothing'), the middle class has now become a highly elaborated component of local class structures and identities. It is also a contested category; moreover, its indigenous boundaries differ from those most often used by scholars, marketers, or policy-makers. Drawing from research over the past decade, this paper examines local definitions of 'middleness' and the moralized meanings ascribed to it. Whilst being 'in the middle' is a source of pride and pleasure, connoting both achievement and enhanced self-control, it is simultaneously a source of great tension, bringing anxiety over the critical and damaging scrutiny of onlookers. For each positive aspect of a middle-class identity that emphasizes security and stability, there is a negative ramification or consequence that highlights the precariousness and potential instability of middle-class life. In exploring each of these aspects, I pay attention to the explicitly performative features of class identities. I conclude by considering the epistemological and experiential insights we gain into the construction of emergent class categories by focusing on self-ascribed identities and their performance.