Designed Fluorescent Probes Reveal Interactions between Amyloid-β(1-40) Peptides and GM1 Gangliosides in Micelles and Lipid Vesicles

A hallmark of the common Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the pathological conversion of its amphiphatic amyloid-beta (A beta) peptide into neurotoxic aggregates. In AD patients, these aggregates are often found to be tightly associated with neuronal G(M1) ganglioside lipids, suggesting an involvement of G(M1) not only in aggregate formation but also in neurotoxic events. Significant interactions were found between micelles made of newly synthesized fluorescent G(M1) gangliosides labeled in the polar headgroup or the hydrophobic chain and A beta(1-40) peptide labeled with a BODIPY-FL-C1 fluorophore at positions 12 and 26, respectively. From an analysis of energy transfer between the different fluorescence labels and their location in the molecules, we were able to place the A beta peptide inside G(M1) micelles, close to the hydrophobic-hydrophilic interface. Large unilamellar vesicles composed of a raftlike G(M1)/bSM/cholesterol lipid composition doped with labeled G(M1) at various positions also interact with labeled A beta peptide tagged to amino acids 2 or 26. A faster energy transfer was observed from the A beta peptide to bilayers doped with 581/591-BODIPY-C-11-G(M1) in the nonpolar part of the lipid compared with 581/591-BODIPY-C-5-G(M1) residing in the polar headgroup. These data are compatible with a clustering process of G(M1) molecules, an effect that not only increases the A beta peptide affinity, but also causes a pronounced A beta peptide penetration deeper into the lipid membrane; all these factors are potentially involved in A beta peptide aggregate formation due to an altered ganglioside metabolism found in AD patients.