Environmentally realistic concentrations of eprinomectin induce phytotoxic and genotoxic effects in Allium cepa

Eprinomectin, a veterinary drug within the family of avermectins, is widely used in the agricultural sector to combat a variety of parasites, mainly nematodes. However, only 10% of the drug is metabolized in the organism, so large quantities of the drug are released into the environment through urine and/or feces. Soil is the first and main environmental compartment to be contaminated by it, and nontargeted organisms can be affected. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the phytotoxicity (through the evaluation of germination, root development, and germination speed) and genotoxicity (through an assessment of the induction of micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations) of eprinomectin. For the analyses, Allium cepa seeds were germinated in soil contaminated with a range of concentrations of eprinomectin: from 0.5 to 62.5 mu g/g for the genotoxicity test and from 0.5 to 128.0 mu g/g for the phytotoxicity test. The results showed that seed germination was not affected, but root development was affected at concentrations of 0.5 mu g/g, 1.0 mu g/g, 4.0 mu g/g, 8.0 mu g/g, 64.0 mu g/g, and 128.0 mu g/g, and germination speed was significantly changed at concentrations of 1.0 mu g/g, 4.0 mu g/g, 16.0 mu g/g, 32.0 mu g/g, and 64.0 mu g/g. Significant differences in the mitotic index and genotoxicity index were observed only at concentrations of 2.5 mu g/g and 12.5 mu g/g, respectively. Only the 0.5 mu g/g concentration did not show significant induction of micronuclei in the meristematic cells, but the damage observed at other concentrations did not persist in F-1 cells. According to the results, eprinomectin is both phytotoxic and genotoxic, so the release of eprinomectin into the environment should be minimized.