Prevalence of restless legs syndrome in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

Introduction: Nowadays prevalence of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients was reported in many studies, while the results varied. The aim of our study was to investigate the prevalence of RLS in this population, considering different data collecting measures and diagnostic criteria.Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies. We limited the analyses to studies using clinical interview or questionnaire for diagnosis. Univariate meta-regression analysis was preformed to assess the effects of the disease-related covariates on prevalence estimates. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 was used to perform the meta-analysis.Results: Fifty-one studies were included in the analysis. Prevalence of RLS was varied by renal function and diagnostic methods. Overall prevalence in CKD populations was 24.2% (95%CI, 20.1-28.7). Pooled prevalence of RLS was higher in patients diagnosed by questionnaire than by clinical interview [26.2% (95%CI, 17.9-36.5) vs. 23.6% (95%CI, 19.6-28.1)]. When grouped by CKD setting, the prevalence was 28.4% (95%CI, 24.6-32.6) in dialysis patients, followed by early stages patients [9.9% (95%CI, 5.4-17.5)], and kidney transplant recipients [6.7% (95%CI, 5.6-7.8)].Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggested that more than one-quarter of CKD sufferers, especially those who were on dialysis, were plagued by RLS. Higher sensitivity of diagnostic criteria in interview may be valuable for timely treatment.