Self-supporting and hierarchically porous NixFe-S/NiFe2O4 heterostructure as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for fluctuating overall water splitting

Stable non-noble metal bifunctional electrocatalysts are one of the challenges to the fluctuating overall water splitting driven by renewable energy. Herein, a novel self-supporting hierarchically porous NixFe-S/NiFe2O4 heterostructure as bifunctional electrocatalyst was constructed based on porous Ni-Fe electrodeposition on three-dimensional (3D) carbon fiber cloth, in situ oxidation, and chemical sulfuration. Results showed that the NixFe-S/NiFe2O4 heterostructure with a large specific surface area exhibits good bifunctional activity and stability for both hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of the abundance of active sites, synergistic effect of the heterostructure, superhydrophilic surface, and stable, self-supporting structure. The results further confirmed that the NixFe-S phase in the heterostructure is transformed into metal oxides/hydroxides and Ni3S2 during OER. Compared with the commercial 20wt% Pt/C parallel to IrO2-Ta2O5 electrolyzer, the self-supporting Ni1/5Fe-S/NiFe2O4 parallel to Ni1/2Fe-S/NiFe2O4 electrolyzer exhibits better stability and lower cell voltage in the fluctuating current density range of 10-500 mA/cm(2). Particularly, the cell voltage of Ni1/5Fe-S/NiFe2O4 parallel to Ni1/2Fe-S/NiFe2O4 is only approximately 3.91 V at an industrial current density of 500 mA/cm(2), which is lower than that of the 20wt% Pt/C parallel to IrO2-Ta2O5 electrolyzer (i.e., approximately 4.79 V). This work provides a promising strategy to develop excellent bifunctional electrocatalysts for fluctuating overall water splitting.