Group A streptococcal infections in Sweden:: A comparative study of invasive and noninvasive infections and analysis of dominant T28 emm28 isolates

Surveillance of group A streptococcus (GAS) infections in Sweden during 1996-1997 indicated that T28 isolates were dominant, whereas T1M1 infections were uncommon. Circulating T28 isolates were nearly all emm28, MLST52, and these clones had also been prevalent 10 years earlier. Isolates from invasive and noninvasive infections were of similar types and prevalences. The average national incidence of invasive episodes was 2.9/100,000 population but varied between 0 and 8.3/100,000 population in different counties. It increased markedly with age, reaching 22.9 episodes/100,000 among people aged greater than or equal to90 years. The incidence of puerperal sepsis was higher than expected (22.4/100,000 of those at risk), with 1 death. Overall mortality was 16% and was associated with preexisting chronic disease (P = .002). Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) developed in similar to15% of patients with invasive episodes, with a mortality rate of 45%. The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs was not found to be associated with the development of STSS.