Enhanced Softwood Cellulose Accessibility by H3PO4 Pretreatment: High Sugar Yield without Compromising Lignin Integrity

Softwood lignocellulose is a potential feedstock for the production of biofuels and bioproducts. However, the highly cross-linked nature of softwood lignocellulose restricts enzyme access to its sugars. Thus, harsh pretreatment conditions (180-280 degrees C) and/or high enzyme loading are required to unlock sugars. These requirements negatively affect the economic viability of softwoods in biorefineries. Here we show that H3PO4 pretreatment of pine and Douglas fir under a mild reaction temperature (50 degrees C) and atmospheric pressure enabled a high (similar to 80%) glucan digestibility with low enzyme loading (5 filter paper units (FPU)/g glucan). The dissolution and regeneration of softwoods disrupted the hydrogen bonding between cellulose chains, thereby increasing the cellulose accessibility to cellulase (CAC) values by similar to 38-fold (from similar to 0.4 to 15 m(2)/g biomass). Examination of H3PO4-pretreated softwoods by cross-polarization/magic angle spin (CP/MAS), C-13- nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that breaking of the orderly hydrogen bonding of crystalline cellulose caused the increase in CAC (higher than 11 m(2)/g biomass), which, in turn, was responsible for the high glucan digestibility of pretreated softwoods. The H3PO4 pretreatment process was feedstock independent. Lastly, 2D C-13-H-1 heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) NMR showed that the lignin was depolymerized but not condensed; thus, the lignin can be available for producing high-value products.