A power efficient 26-GHz 32:1 static frequency divider in 130-nm bulk CMOS

A 32:1 static frequency divider consisting of five stages of 2:1 dividers using current mode logic (CML) was fabricated in a 130-mn bulk complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) logic process. By optimizing transistors size, high operating speed is achieved with limited power consumption. For an input power of 0 dBm, the 32:1 divider operates up to 26 GHz with a 1.5-V supply voltage. The whole 32:1 chain including buffers consumes 8.97 mW and the first stage consumes only 3.88 mW at a 26-GHz operation. The power consumption of the first 2:1 stage is less than 15% of other bulk CMOS static frequency dividers operating at the same frequency.