Experimental and analytical methods to determine minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for Bakken formation crude oil

The Bakken is one of the shale reservoirs that has been discovered to hold a vast amount of resource and is contributing to the production boom in the US. This unconventional reservoir, like most others, displays favorable initial production rates due to stimulation by hydraulic fracturing, but production rates quickly decline after few months. Due to the extremely low permeability and low recoveries, miscible gas injection is considered for improving the recovery of oil in the Bakken formation. Feasibility of miscible gas injection in the Bakken would depend on the analysis of minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) experiments. The Rising Bubble Apparatus (RBA) has been chosen for the purpose of these experiments. The RBA provides results in a short amount of time using small amounts of fluid samples. The RBA consists of a cell gage containing a flat glass tube where oil samples are placed and an injection needle where gas is injected into the flat glass tube. To simulate reservoir conditions, the glass tube is pressurized using de ionized water, and heating plates surrounding the cell are used to regulate temperature. Visual observation of the injected gas bubble behavior is captured by a camera as it rises and moves upward along the oil column. By observing the shape and dissolution behavior of the bubble, the MMP can be determined. MMP results from a Bakken crude sample are shown to range from 2100 to 3500 psi at temperatures from 160 to 240 degrees F using CO2 as the injection fluid. Other injection fluids such as nitrogen and hydrocarbon gases have been tested and also provided reasonable MMP values. MMP results from Bakken crude oil samples were compared to existing correlations, and the correlations were found to produce mostly unreliable MMP results for the Bakken oils evaluated in the study. On the other hand, an equation of state phase behavior program showed similarities with the RBA MMP results. The impact of different injection fluids, inclusive of CO2 and enriched hydrocarbon gases is the subject of this study. MMP results are influenced by the choice of injection fluids, providing valuable information for economic production and increased recovery in the Bakken formation. The results from this study provide a range of MMP data that can be used in planning pilot tests for miscible gas injection in the Bakken. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.