Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for very old patients (≥ 75 years)

Older patients have high rates of physical function impairment and disability following a cardiac event. Exercise training has been shown to favorably affect such limitations, as well as cardiovascular risk factors, symptoms, and mortality postcoronary event in middle-aged patients. Aerobic capacity, body strength, quality of life, and physical function are improved with exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in patients older than 65 years. However, there have been relatively few studies of the effects of exercise-based CR on physical function recovery in the very old patients (>= 75 years), despite the continuous growth of this segment of the population. After hospitalization for a cardiac event, postacute inpatient CR serves as a bridge between acute care and independent home living for the most disabled older patients. It plays an important role in the physical recovery process, particularly after cardiac surgery. Exercise-based outpatient (phase II) CR, starting early after hospital discharge, is safe in very old patients and studies demonstrate that these patients derive similar benefits from CR, compared with younger patients, regarding physical function improvement. Older patients, however, are less likely than younger cardiac patients to participate in outpatient CR programs. There is a need to find protocols that could increase the referral and participation rates of the frailer and older cardiac patient to exercise-based CR.