Design, synthesis, structural and nonlinear optical properties of photochromic crystals:: Toward reversible molecular switches

Two new anil molecules exhibiting photochromism in the crystalline state, N-(4-hydroxy)-salicylidene-amino-4-(methylbenzoate) (2) and N-(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylidene)-4-aminopyridine (3), are obtained. Upon irradiation in the UV, the yellow crystals change color to red, owing to enol-keto intramolecular tautomerism. The red color disappears, when crystals are left in the dark or irradiated with visible light. 3 has the most stable keto form among all anil-type photochromic compounds (tau = 460 days at room temperature). Both exhibit nonlinear optical (NLO) properties and show powder second harmonic generation (SHG) of respectively 10 and 3 times vs urea. X-ray diffraction shows acentric structures where molecules line up "head-to-tail" through hydrogen bonds for 2 (space group Pc), or form a chiral helix 3 (space group P3(2)). Evidence of reversible structural change is given for 3, and we demonstrate the functionality of this crystal as an NLO switching material, as SHG can be photomodulated by about 30%.