Green together? The effects of companies' innovation collaboration with different partner types on ecological process and product innovation

This paper investigates the effect of companies' innovation collaboration with different partner types on the emergence of different typologies of ecological innovation (EI), specifically process- and product-EI. Econometric analyses, based on a sample of 546 German manufacturing companies collected as part of the Community Innovation Survey, indicate a differential effect of collaboration with individual partner types. Specifically, we find that collaboration with consumers is associated positively with both process- and product-EI, whereas collaboration with universities and suppliers is associated positively only with process-EI. Collaboration with enterprise customers and competitors is neither associated with process-EI nor product-EI. Our results shed light on the mechanisms within the recently established open eco-innovation mode and emphasise the importance for theory and practice of distinguishing among collaboration partners, contingent on the underlying typology of EI. We discuss important implications for theory and practice.