Lack of modulatory effect of simvastatin on indoxyl sulfate-induced activation of cultured endothelial cells

Aims: Endothelial dysfunction is a common manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The protein-bound uremic toxins have emerged as important factors associated with cardiovascular disease and the outcome of CKD. The effect of indoxyl sulfate (IS) on endothelial cells remains unclear. Main methods: Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) were incubated using IS at two concentrations: 100 mu M and 1000 mu M over two periods of time: 16 and 48 h. HUVEC were also pre-treated with simvastatin to examine its effect. RT-PCR was used to assess changes in the gene expression of intracellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), E-selectin, and angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R). Protein abundance of the investigated molecules was assessed by immunoblotting. Key findings: Treatment with 100 mu M IS for 16 h induced a 2-fold increase in the expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and MCP-1. At a concentration of 1000 mu M, there was a 2-3-fold increase. An extended treatment period at low concentrations was associated with a 2-3 fold increase and the increase of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 was more prominent under high concentration. Results of immunoblotting confirmed an increase in the abundance of ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and MCP-1. No significant change was noted in E-selectin and AT1R according to concentration or treatment duration. Pre-treatment with simvastatin did not alter IS-induced changes. Significance: IS increased the expression of adhesion molecules of endothelial cells exhibiting a concentration and duration dependent pattern. Simvastatin did not demonstrate any effect on IS-associated endothelial activation. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.