Esculentoside A inhibits LPS-induced BV2 microglia activation through activating PPAR-γ

Neuroinflammation has been recognized as a factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Esculentoside A (EsA), a saponin isolated from Phytolacca esculenta, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, little research has been reported on the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of EsA. EsA concentration-dependently suppressed LPS-induced TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and PGE2 production. LPS-induced NF-kappa B activation was inhibited by treatment of EsA. Furthermore, EsA concentration-dependently upregulated the expression of PPAR-gamma. In addition, GW9662, a specific PPAR-gamma inhibitor, reversed the anti-inflammatory effects of EsA. In conclusion, these results indicate that EsA exerts anti-inflammatory effects by activating PPAR-gamma.