Meal frequency and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study

Dietary habits play an important role in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, evidence on association between diet frequency and type 2 diabetes was limited and inconclusive. We aimed to examine the association between meal frequency and risk of type 2 diabetes. The cohort study used data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study of 8874 community-dwelling people aged over 45 years. Participants were classified as eating two meals per day, three meals per day and four meals per day. Multiple Poisson regression models were used to examine risk of 4-year incident type 2 diabetes among people who ate more or less than three meals per day compared with people who ate three meals per day. We documented 706 type 2 diabetes cases during follow-up. After adjustment for known risk factors for type 2 diabetes, except for BMI, participants who ate four meals per day were at a lower risk of type 2 diabetes than those who ate three meals per day (relative risk(RR) = 0 center dot 73 (0 center dot 58, 0 center dot 92)). After further adjustment for baseline BMI, the association was slightly attenuated but remained statistically significant (RR = 0 center dot 76 (0 center dot 60, 0 center dot 97)). Subgroup analysis showed that the fully adjusted RR of type 2 diabetes for people eating four meals per day were 0 center dot 66 (0 center dot 48, 0 center dot 91) and 0 center dot 93 (0 center dot 65, 1 center dot 34) among those had a BMI < 25 and >= 25 kg/m(2), respectively. Eating four meals per day, compared with eating three meals per day was associated with lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population, particularly in those with a BMI < 25 kg/m(2).