Experimental study of turbulent flow over and within cubically packed walls of spheres: Effects of topography, permeability and wall thickness

Results of high-resolution particle-image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are presented to explore how turbulent flow overlying a permeable wall is linked to the underlying pore flow and how their interplay is controlled by the topography of the wall interface and wall thickness. Two permeable walls were constructed from uniform spherical elements (25.4 mm diameter) in a cubically packed arrangement (porosity similar to 48%): one with two layers of spheres and the other with five layers. In addition, an impermeable rough wall with identical topography was considered as a baseline of comparison in order to explore the structural modifications imposed by permeability in the near-wall region. First- and second-order velocity statistics provide a quantitative assessment of such modifications of the local flow. A double-averaging approach allowed investigation of the global representation of the flow and assessment of conventional scaling parameters. A momentum deficit in the first pore layer and subsequent recovery beneath is observed, consistent with previous studies, as is a decay of the turbulent fluctuations. The transitional layer resides at the wall interface where free flow and pore flow interact, exchanging mass and momentum through intermittent turbulent events. Statistical investigation based on conditional averaging reveals that upwelling and down-welling flow events are associated with the passage of large-scale, low and high streamwise momentum free flow near the wall, respectively.