Natural T Cell Epitope Containing Methyl Lysines on Mycobacterial Heparin-Binding Hemagglutinin

T cell epitopes are mostly nonmodified peptides, although posttranslationally modified peptide epitopes have been described, but they originated from viral or self-proteins. In this study, we provide evidence of a bacterial methylated T cell peptide epitope. The mycobacterial heparin-binding hemagglutinin (HBHA) is a protein Ag with a complex C-terminal methylation pattern and is recognized by T cells from humans latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. By comparing native HBHA with recombinant HBHA produced in Mycobacterium smegmatis (rHBHA-Ms), we could link antigenic differences to differences in the methylation profile. Peptide scan analyses led to the discovery of a peptide containing methyl lysines recognized by a mAb that binds to native HBHA similar to 100-fold better than to rHBHA-Ms. This peptide was also recognized by T cells from latently infected humans, as evidenced by IFN-gamma release upon peptide stimulation. The nonmethylated peptide did not induce IFN-gamma, arguing that the methyl lysines are part of the T cell epitope.