RETRACTED: A novel physical and functional association between nucleoside diphosphate kinase A and AMP-activated protein kinase α1 in liver and lung (Retracted Article. See vol 417, pg 813, 2009)

Nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK, NM23/awd) belongs to a multifunctional family of highly conserved proteins (similar to 1620 kDa) containing two well-characterized isoforms (NM23-H1 and -H2; also known as NDPK A and 13). NDPK catalyses the conversion of nucleoside diphosphates into nucleoside triphosphates, regulates a diverse array of cellular events and can act as a protein histidine kinase. AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is a heterotrimeric protein complex that responds to cellular energy status by switching off ATP-consuming pathways and switching on ATP-generating pathways when ATP is limiting. AMPK was first discovered as an activity that inhibited preparations of ACC1 (acetyl-CoA carboxylase), a regulator of cellular fatty acid synthesis. We report that NM23-H1/NDPK A and AMPK alpha 1 are associated in cytosol from two different tissue sources: rat liver and a human lung cell line (Calu-3). Co-immunoprecipitation and binding assay data from both cell types show that the H1/A (but not H2/B) isoform of NDPK is associated with AMPK complexes containing the alpha 1 (but not alpha 2) catalytic subunit. Manipulation of NM23-H1/NDPK A nucleotide transphosphorylation activity to generate ATP (but not GTP) enhances the activity of AMPK towards its specific peptide substrate in vitro and also regulates the phosphorylation of ACC1, an in vivo target for AMPK. Thus novel NM23-H1/NDPK A-dependent regulation of AMPK alpha 1-mediated phosphorylation is present in mammalian cells.