Metal/covalent-organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage applications

Many renewable energy technologies, especially batteries and supercapacitors, require effective electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. For such applications, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent-organic frameworks (COFs) have been recently emerged as promising candidates. Their high surface area, organized channel, and multiple functions make them highly versatile and flexible as electrodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems. In addition, many MOFs/COFs-derived materials tend to possess high conductivity and diverse nanoarchitecture, and can also serve as high-performance electrodes. In this review, we summarize the extensive potentials of both frameworks and their derivatives in a range of devices, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium-sulfur, lithium-oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges in this area and propose potential solutions for them as well as outline a few possible directions for further development for EES applications.