Thermal management of lithium-ion batteries with simultaneous use of hybrid nanofluid and nano-enhanced phase change material: A numerical study

In this study, a battery pack consisting of cylindrical cells connected to a solar system is investigated numerically. Using solar energy in an electric car requires storing energy in the battery, and the device that can do this is a charger. In this research, a charge is designed to charge the battery at different rates. Also, the combination of hybrid nanofluid (NF) and nano-enhanced phase change material (PCM) is employed to cool battery cells. The finite element method (FEM) is employed to perform the simulations. The results showed that the simultaneous use of hybrid NF and nano-enhanced PCM entails an increase in the heat transfer rate and a decrease in the time required for complete melting and solidification of PCM. The results also show that the Nu increases before the onset of phase change by increasing the volume ratio of nanoparticles (NPs). On the other hand, it was observed that using a tube with a circular cross section to charge PCM improves the its freezing process up to 10.7%. Moreover, increasing the volume percentage of nanoparticles (VPNPs) reduce the battery temperature by up to 0.5% for the circular tube, while this change is 0.37% for the elliptical tube.