N-acetyl cysteine alters the genotoxic and estrogenic properties of Alternaria toxins in naturally occurring mixtures

It is unclear if complex mycotoxin mixtures produced by Alternaria spp. act estrogenic and/or genotoxic under physiological conditions, particularly considering the co-occurrence with antioxidants in food. Thus, this study focused on enlightening the impact of N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), as a representative anti-oxidative SH-donor, on the mentioned toxicological endpoints of the signature Alternaria toxins alter-nariol (AOH), altertoxin-II (ATX-II) and a complex extract (CE) of an Alternaria alternata culture. Using Ishikawa cells as an in vitro model, we monitored alterations in toxin concentrations by LC-MS/ MS, estrogenicity by alkaline phosphatase assays, cytotoxicity by sulforhodamine B assays, genotoxicity by single-cell gel electrophoresis and the transcription of selected genes of interest by quantitative real -time PCR. The results indicate that the strong genotoxic effects of epoxide-carrying perylene quinones such as ATX-II are erased in the presence of NAC. The cellular effects of ATX-II/AOH mixtures are dominated by the genotoxicity of the perylene chinone. In this mixture, AOH regained its estrogenicity when co-incubated with NAC. In contrast, NAC treatment of an AOH/CE mixture did not result in a recovery of estrogenicity, but in potentiated anti-estrogenic effects. These findings were in line with gene tran-scription data, that indicated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) to be a prime mediator of Alternaria toxin -induced antagonistic effects towards estrogen receptor signaling. Taken together, further studies on potential endocrine-disruptive properties of non-genotoxic per-ylene quinones should be a future research priority in the field of these emerging contaminants. ?? 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/ 4.0/).