Dopant occupancy and exposure energy of Zn(1 mol.%, 3 mol.%, 5 mol.%, 7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals

A series of Zn:Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals with various concentrations of Zn2+(1 mol.%, 3 mol.%, 5 mol.% and 7 mol.%) were grown by Czochralski method. The dopant occupancy and light-induced scattering ability of Zn:Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals were measured and discussed by infrared spectra and exposure energy flux method. The results show that the infrared absorption peak of the Zn(7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystal is blueshift and Zn2+ ion reaches threshold concentration. The light-induced scattering of Zn(7 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals is increased by two-orders of magnitude compared to Zn(1 mol.%):Yb:Nd:LiNbO3 crystals.