Analysis of the Energy for Different Rice Production Systems in the Philippines

The study was conducted to trace and analyze the energy for different rice ecosystems in the Philippines. Energy inputs consisted of human labor, machinery, animal, seeds, irrigation, fuel, fertilizers and pesticides. Energy outputs consisted of rice yield and husk. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), we analyzed and quantified energy inputs and outputs. The average output-input ratio was 9.0 and 7.5 for farms irrigated by canal and pump facility, respectively, during wet season (December-May). Among the other farming systems, the manual system had the highest energy ratio (8.50 and 10.17 for farms with pumping sets and canal facility, respectively). For these farms, the average total energy input was 12,066 and 10,574 MJ ha(-1), respectively. The average output-input ratios were 9.55 for channel and 5.51 for pumping areas during the dry season. The manual system had the highest output-input ratio of 6.17 and 10.39 for channel and pumping areas, respectively. The average total energy inputs were 11,500 MJ ha(-1) for channel and 11,753 MJ ha(-1) for pumping. In all farming systems, N, fuel and seeds contributed around 80% of the total energy inputs. Power source for rice production in the Philippines predominantly came from human labor.