Potential recreation service efficiency of urban remnant mountain wilderness: A case study of Yunyan District of Guiyang city, China

As the precious resource of Karst mountainous city, urban remnant mountain wilderness (URMWs) can provide various of ecosystem services to the city. Taking the built-up area of the central urban area of Guiyang city center as the study area and the URMWs as the research object, an evaluation system of potential recreation service efficiency (PRSE) of URMWs was constructed through fuzzy Delphi method (F-Delphi), analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method (EWM), and PRSE of 69 URMWs in study area was evaluated and mapped. The recreation service characteristics of URMWs were analyzed from the perspective of supply and demand. Finally, the correlation of PRSE and the landscape features of URMWs was analyzed. Results showed that: (1) URMWs were mostly distributed in low and medium kernel density zones, and they had significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. (2) PRSE of URMWs was jointly affected by recreation potential, recreation opportunity and recreation demand. Among the 18 evaluation factors of PRSE evaluation system, the perfection of recreation service facilities, viewshed and green vision perception were the most important factors. In addition, PRSE of URMWs was significantly improved after park utilization. (3) PRSE of URMWs in the study area had significant spatial differences in suburban areas, which was higher in suburban areas than in urban centers and boundaries. The spatial mismatch between the supply and demand of recreation services was important reason for the low PRSE of URMWs. (4) PRSE of URMWs was significantly correlated with its three-dimensional features. The evaluation system constructed in this study could quantify PRSE of each URMW, reflect its spatial pattern, and provide a reference for the protection, development and utilization of URMWs in mountainous cities of Karst area.