Citizenship: Review from Feminist Perspectives

The term citizenship has been traditionally been understood in relation to the rights and responsibilities of citizens within a given nation state. This classic model of citizenship is associated with the work of T.H. Marshall who defined citizenship in terms of three stages of sets of rights: civil or legal rights, political rights and social rights. Since the 1990s debates over the inadequacies of traditional models have led to the development of new ideas about citizenship like citizenship from feminist. This article discusses citizenship from feminist perspectives. This study is theoretical using literature review method based on literature and combined with bibliographic research that focuses on the ideas contained in the theory. This study concludes that a series of dichotomies still exist in traditional citizenship and the divide of the public-private spheres is the most fundamental. The traditional citizenship is strictly limited to rational public sphere, while the private sphere is based on family life. Citizenship operates simultaneously as force for both inclusion and exclusion. Women have been denied the full and effective title of citizen for much history, ancient and modern. Feminist offers three models of citizenship as solution to inequalities that have been established and maintained. First model is gender neutral citizenship, second is gender differentiated and the third model is gender pluralist citizenship.