An analysis of emission reduction strategy for light and heavy-duty vehicles pollutions in high spatial-temporal resolution and emission

Traffic as the main source of urban air pollution created severe problems for human health and sustainability. To propose a bottom-up method in emissions reduction, accurate emission inventories of vehicles in a medium-sized city are developed. Traffic emission factors were obtained using traffic flow data, traffic control cameras, and International Vehicle Emission (IVE) model to calculate CO, VOCs, NOx, SOx, and PM of passenger cars, taxis, and urban buses emission inventory. Annual overall emissions of CO, VOCs, NOx, SOx, and PM pollutants, respectively, are 346, 20.9, 25, 44.4, and 0.5 kt/year. VOC and CO emissions in the start-up phase are in the scale of the running phase, while NOx, SOx, and PM allocate much less than the running phase. The highest emission value of SOx and PM occurs in arterials while CO, VOC, and NOx in highways. Eight renovation scenarios have been designed to evaluate their environmental and economic efficiency. Two scenarios entitled "renovation of carbureted, Euro 1 and Euro 2 LDV" and "renovation of high mileage Euro 1 and Euro 2 standard urban buses" showed the highest decrease in pollution emission and pollution social costs. For these two important scenarios, implementation costs were calculated at 477 and 46 M$, while social costs decrease are calculated to be 172.6 and 77.5 M$, respectively. Renovation of vehicles could benefit both the government and society by reducing fuel consumption and pollutant emission. The emission mitigation scenarios considering mobile sources could be a guide for adopting policies in developing countries. Governmental and social cost-share and governmental and social repayment because of fuel-saving costs have also been calculated.