Insights from preclinical ultra high-density electroanatomical sinus node mapping

Aims Although sinus node modification by catheter ablation is an established therapy for the treatment of inappropriate sinus tachycardia, there is incomplete understanding of sinus node anatomy and function but also limited electroanatomical mapping data. Recently, an automatic, ultra high-resolution mapping system has been presented to accurately and quickly identify right atrial (RA) geometry and activation patterns but detailed assessment of sinus node activation has not been performed which was one aim of this study. Prectinical experiences are compared with previous sinus node mapping studies in animals and humans, and potential clinical implications for catheter ablation are discussed. Methods and results In anaesthetized and ventilated 14 pigs, 30 endocardial and 2 eipcardial RA maps were generated using the Rhythmia (TM) mapping system without complications and earliestactivation sites (EAS) and sinus break-out (SBO) were determined. At baseline, EAS and SBO were located anterior to the middle (n -= 6) or Lower third (n -= 8) of the crista terminalis exhibiting a unicentric activation pattern in all cases. Conduction pathways were directed anterior, posterior, superior, or inferior with substantial inter-individual variation in direction, pathway distance, and conduction time. OrciprenaLine, propranolol, or amiodarone shifted endocardial activation with considerable variation between animals with inconsistent patterns. Multicentric activation was found in one case after orciprenaLine infusion. Sequential endocardiaL and epicardial high-density mapping of the RA was performed in two animals and showed a high congruence of the sinus node activation in the endo- and the epicardial map. Conclustion Ultra high-density mapping allows fast, simple, and very detailed assessment of sinus node activation. Future studies are clearly needed to evaluate novel mapping and ablation strategies for an improved understanding of sinus node disease and better outcomes.