Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy in Athletes: A Systematic-Review and Meta-Analysis

被引:169
作者
Farrokhyar, Forough [1 ,2 ,3 ]
Tabasinejad, Rasam [4 ]
Dao, Dyda [1 ]
Peterson, Devin [3 ]
Ayeni, Olufemi R. [3 ]
Hadioonzadeh, Reza [4 ]
Bhandari, Mohit [1 ,2 ,3 ]
机构
[1] McMaster Univ, Dept Surg, Hamilton, ON L9K 1S, Canada
[2] McMaster Univ, Dept Clin Epidemiol & Biostat, Hamilton, ON L9K 1S, Canada
[3] McMaster Univ, Dept Surg, Div Orthoped Surg, Hamilton, ON L9K 1S, Canada
[4] York Univ, Sch Kinesiol & Hlth Sci, Toronto, ON M3J 2R7, Canada
关键词
SERUM 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D; D DEFICIENCY; D INSUFFICIENCY; HEALTHY-ADULTS; CHILDREN; SUPPLEMENTATION; RISK; ASSOCIATION; PLAYERS;
D O I
10.1007/s40279-014-0267-6
中图分类号
G8 [体育];
学科分类号
04 ; 0403 ;
摘要
Background Vitamin D is essential for maintaining optimal bone health. The prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes is currently unclear. Objective The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes. Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Multiple databases were searched and studies assessing serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] status in athletes were identified. Serum 25(OH) D is measured to clinically determine vitamin D status. Reviewers independently selected the eligible articles, assessed the methodological quality, and extracted data. Disagreements were resolved by consensus. Weighted proportions of vitamin D inadequacy [serum 25(OH) D <32 ng/mL] were calculated (DerSimonian-Laird random-effects model) and compared using Chi-squared (chi(2)) test. Subgroup analyses were conducted and risk ratios (RRs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Results Twenty-three studies with 2,313 athletes [mean (standard deviation) age 22.5 (5.0) years, 76 % male] were included. Of 2,313 athletes, 56 % (44-67 %) had vitamin D inadequacy that significantly varied by geographical location (p < 0.001). It was significantly higher in the UK and in the Middle East. The risk significantly increased for winter and spring seasons (RR 1.85; 95 % CI 1.27-2.70), indoor sport activities (RR 1.19; 95 % CI 1.09-1.30), and mixed sport activities (RR 2.54; 95 % CI 1.03-6.26). The risk was slightly higher for >40 Nlatitude [RR1.14 (95 % CI 0.91-1.44)] but it increased significantly [RR 1.85 (1.35-2.53)] after excluding the Middle East as an outlier. Seven studies with 359 athletes reported injuries. The prevalence of injuries in athletes was 43 %(95 % CI 20-68) [bone related = 19 %(95 % CI 7-36); muscle and soft-tissue = 37.5 % (95 % CI 11.5-68.5)]. Conclusion Despite the limitations of the current evidence, the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in athletes is prominent. The risk significantly increases in higher latitudes, in winter and early spring seasons, and for indoor sport activities. Regular investigation of vitamin D status using reliable assays and supplementation is essential to ensure healthy athletes. The prevalence of injuries in athletes is notable but its association with vitamin D status is unclear. A well-designed longitudinal study is needed to answer this possible association.
引用
收藏
页码:365 / 378
页数:14
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