Lead enhances CD4+ T cell proliferation indirectly by targeting antigen presenting cells and modulating antigen-specific interactions

Although Pb is a well-known immunotoxicant, its mechanism of action is not well understood. Low levels of Pb (similar to 1 mu M) markedly enhance the proliferative T cell response in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), a process we have termed allo-enhancement. As Pb allo-enhancement occurs whether alloantigen presenting cells (APC) are derived from C5713L/6 or BALB.B10, the allo-reactive T cells involved are likely to be specific for peptide in the context of the IA(b) molecule as the IE molecule is null in H-2(b) mice. Analysis of T cell division in MLC with Pb treatment indicated that there was no significant difference between Ph and non-Pb-treated cultures until day 4 when the frequency of proliferating T cells was much greater than in non-treated cultures. Our data suggest that this increased proliferation is not coupled with increased IL-2 levels in the media as these were actually decreased with Ph treatment and that Pb-induced enhancement in the allo-proliferative response is only partially dependent upon IL-2. Pb alto-enhancement is abrogated when stimulating allo-APCs are paraformaldehyde-fixed, and T cell proliferation stimulated by concanavalin A is not enhanced with Pb treatment, suggesting that the APC is the proximate target of Ph in allo-MLC. Ph allo-enhancement does not occur when T cells respond to irradiated allo-B cells, alone; however, it is restored when syngeneic CD11c-enriched cells are added. Of the CD I I c-enriched splenocytes, the fraction that is adherent after 24 It, consistent with macrophages, appears to be the cell type targeted by Pb. Using T cells from DO11.10 transgenic mice, we determined that the effect of Pb is centered around specific p:MHC interactions and that enhanced costimulation is an unlikely mechanism for Pb allo-enhancement. (c) 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc.