Impact of SARS CoV-2 /COVID-19 infection on the course of advanced chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

Background About 20% of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop COVID-19-the disease that has dominated health care in the last two years. The course of COVID-19 in patients with advanced liver disease tends to be severe, patients also suffer from a higher risk of complications and death. The primary object of this study was to assess the risk and causes of death in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and methods From a group of 4,314 patients hospitalized at Jerzy Gromkowski Regional Specialist Hospital in Wroclaw (Poland) due to SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 infection between March 15, 2020, and January 31, 2022, we selected a cohort of 31 patients with liver cirrhosis (12 women and 19 men) and 7 patients with HCC developed on the cirrhotic liver (1 woman, 6 men). The control group included 123 patients without liver disease. In the entire cohort, we analyzed the course of COVID-19 infection, baseline oxygen demand, liver function (assessed using the CTP-Child-Turoctte-Pugh score and MELD-Model of End-Stage Liver Disease scales), length of hospitalization, development of acute-on-chronic liver failure, and deaths. Results The mean age of the patients was 56.6 years in the liver cirrhosis group, 63.3 years for patients with (HCC) hepatocellular carcinoma, and 64 years in the control group. Time of hospitalization averaged 15.52 days and 11.14 days for patients with liver cirrhosis and liver cancer, respectively. For the control group, the average duration of the hospital stay was 11.61 days. With respect to baseline liver function assessed using the CTP score, in the cirrhosis group 10 patients were CTP class A, 19 patients were class B and 9 patients were class C. The cancer group included 3 patients with class A, 2 patients with class B, and 2 patients with class C. In the studied cohort, 22 patients had a baseline MELD score < 12 points, and in 15 patients was > 12. In the HCC group, it was, respectively, CTP A:3, B: 2, C: 2, and MELD < 12: 3, >= 12: 4 people. Most of these patients presented with a progression of liver disease. Fifteen patients died, including 12 with cirrhosis and 3 with HCC, accounting for 39.47% in the entire cohort, 39% in the cirrhotic group and 43% in the HCC group, and 13 in the control group (10.6%), There was a clear statistical difference between the mortality rate in the group with liver disease and in the control group. Conclusions Infection with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 in patients with cirrhosis and HCC tends to have a more severe course and leads to exacerbation of the liver disease. The most common cause of death in the analyzed cohort infected with SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 was the progression of liver disease, complicated by liver failure.