Passive optical waveguide devices by ion-exchange in glass

Design and fabrication of various optical waveguide branching devices by Na+ <----> Ag+ ion-exchange in glass are presented in this paper. The design concept employed here keeps the branching angle very small. The design concept, various experimental procedures during waveguide fabrication and the performance analysis of each waveguide such as 1 x 2, 1 x 4, 1 x 8, 2 x 2, 4 x 4 and 8 x 8 power splitters are discussed.