Microbial study of lettuce and agriculture water used for lettuce production at Singapore urban farms

Singapore in recent years is dedicating great efforts in developing urban agriculture in production of leafy green vegetables. Considering the small scales and diverse set-ups of local farms, it is necessary to collect baseline data to evaluate the microbial safety of local leafy green production. In this study, we collected lettuce crops and agriculture water used in lettuce production from ten different farms (five soil-based farms and five hydroponic farms, 100 samples over a period of five months) and tested with multiple microbial parameters. As a result, 16 out of the 50 agriculture water samples were enumerated with Escherichia coli (4.15 ? 0.81 log CFU/100 ml from 9 samples collected at soil-based farms, 3.79 ? 0.91 log CFU/100 ml from 7 samples collected at hydroponic farms). For the lettuce crops, 7 out of 25 samples from the soil-based farms (with overhead irrigation) were enumerated with an average of 3.28 ? 1.45 log CFU E. coli/g fresh matter, while all of the 25 samples from the hydroponic farms were below 10 CFU E. coli/g fresh matter. Within the 11 Salmonella strains isolated in this study, six strains were from soil-based agriculture water, four strains were from hydroponic agriculture water, only one strain was isolated from lettuce crops and it was from a hydroponic farm. When tested with lettuce crops grown in the laboratory, the five Salmonella isolates from the hydroponic farms showed a higher likelihood of internalization and translocation from the roots to the aerial parts (6/40 [15%] plants tested positive) than the six Salmonella isolates from the soil-based farms (2/48 [4%] plants tested positive). The opportunistic pathogen Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was detected with higher presence at hydroponic farms than the soil-based farms. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis were performed over all of the Salmonella and S. maltophilia isolates and no AMR strain has been identified so far. Taken together, these results suggested the great needs of both soilbased and hydroponic farms to improve their good agriculture practices such as to implement effective agriculture water treatment and to avoid using overhead irrigation with sprinkler systems.