The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory

被引：267

作者：

Abrahams, J. ^{[9
]}

Abreu, P. ^{[4
]}

Aglietta, M. ^{[56
,57
]}

Aguirre, C. ^{[13
]}

Ahn, E. J. ^{[89
]}

Allard, D. ^{[29
]}

Allekotte, I. ^{[2
,3
]}

Allen, J. ^{[92
]}

Allison, P. ^{[94
]}

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ^{[81
]}

Ambrosio, M. ^{[50
,51
]}

Anchordoqui, L. ^{[104
]}

Andringa, S. ^{[72
,73
]}

Anzalone, A. ^{[55
,58
]}

Aramo, C. ^{[50
,51
]}

Arganda, E. ^{[77
]}

Argiro, S. ^{[57
]}

Arisaka, K. ^{[97
]}

Arneodo, F. ^{[59
]}

Arqueros, F. ^{[77
]}

Asch, T. ^{[37
]}

Asorey, H. ^{[2
,3
]}

Assis, P. ^{[72
,73
]}

Aublin, J. ^{[29
]}

Ave, M. ^{[98
]}

Avila, G. ^{[10
,11
]}

Bacher, A. ^{[37
]}

Baecker, T. ^{[41
]}

Badagnani, D. ^{[6
,7
]}

Barber, K. B. ^{[12
]}

Barbosa, A. F. ^{[15
]}

Barbosa, H. J. M. ^{[18
]}

Barenthien, N. ^{[40
]}

Barroso, S. L. C. ^{[21
]}

Baughman, B. ^{[94
]}

Bauleo, P. ^{[87
]}

Beatty, J. J. ^{[94
]}

Beau, T. ^{[29
]}

Becker, B. R. ^{[101
]}

Becker, K. H. ^{[35
]}

Belletoile, A. ^{[33
]}

Bellido, J. A. ^{[12
,95
]}

BenZvi, S. ^{[103
]}

Berat, C. ^{[33
]}

Bernardini, P. ^{[48
,49
]}

Bertou, X. ^{[2
,3
]}

Biermann, P. L. ^{[38
]}

Billoir, P. ^{[31
,32
]}

Blanch-Bigas, O. ^{[31
,32
]}

Blanco, F. ^{[77
]}

机构：

[1] Acad Sci Czech Republ, Inst Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[2] CNEA UNCuyo CONICET, Ctr Atom Bariloche, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[3] CNEA UNCuyo CONICET, Inst Balseiro, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina

[4] UTN FRBA, CONICET, Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Ctr Atom Constituyentes, Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[5] Univ Buenos Aires, Dept Fis, FCEyN, RA-1053 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[6] Univ Natl La Plata, IFLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[7] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina

[8] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Inst Astron & Fis Espacio, RA-1033 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina

[9] UTN FRM, Mendoza, Argentina

[10] Pierre Auger So Observ, Malargue, Argentina

[11] Comis Nacl Energia Atom, Malargue, Argentina

[12] Univ Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

[13] Univ Catolica Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia

[14] Univ Mayor San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia

[15] Ctr Brasileiro Pesquisas Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[16] Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio de Janeiro, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[17] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil

[18] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Fis, BR-01498 Sao Paulo, Brazil

[19] Univ Estadual Campinas, IFGW, Campinas, SP, Brazil

[20] Univ Estadual Feira de Santana, Feira De Santana, Brazil

[21] Univ Estadual Sudoeste Bahia, Vitoria Da Conquista, BA, Brazil

[22] Univ Fed Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil

[23] Univ Fed ABC, Santo Andre, SP, Brazil

[24] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro, Inst Fis, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

[25] Univ Fed Fluminense, Inst Fis, BR-24020 Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

[26] Charles Univ Prague, Fac Math & Phys, Inst Particle & Nucl Phys, Prague, Czech Republic

[27] Palacky Univ, CR-77147 Olomouc, Czech Republic

[28] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, IPNO, F-91405 Orsay, France

[29] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, Lab AstroParticule & Cosmol, Paris, France

[30] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, LAL, F-91405 Orsay, France

[31] Univ Paris 06, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris 05, France

[32] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, LPNHE, Paris 05, France

[33] Univ Grenoble 1, CNRS, IN2P3, LPSC, Grenoble, France

[34] CNRS IN2P3, SUBATECH, Nantes, France

[35] Berg Univ Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

[36] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Kernphys, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[37] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Inst Prozessdatenverarbeitung & Elekt, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany

[38] Max Planck Inst Radioastron, D-5300 Bonn, Germany

[39] Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Phys Inst A 3, Aachen, Germany

[40] Univ Karlsruhe TN, IEKP, Karlsruhe, Germany

[41] Univ Siegen, Siegen, Germany

[42] Univ Genoa, Dipartimento Fis, Genoa, Italy

[43] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, I-16146 Genoa, Italy

[44] Univ Aquila, I-67100 Laquila, Italy

[45] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Laquila, Italy

[46] Univ Milan, Milan, Italy

[47] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Milan, Italy

[48] Univ Salento, Dipartimento Fis, Lecce, Italy

[49] Sezione Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Lecce, Italy

[50] Univ Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

来源：

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT | 2010年 / 620卷 / 2-3期

基金：

澳大利亚研究理事会; 英国科学技术设施理事会; 巴西圣保罗研究基金会; 美国国家科学基金会;

关键词：

Cosmic rays; Fluorescence detector; ATMOSPHERIC MULTIPLE-SCATTERING; AIR-SHOWERS; ENERGY; LIGHT; SIMULATION; DEPENDENCE; SYSTEM; RECONSTRUCTION; CAPABILITIES; CALIBRATION;

D O I：

10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.023

中图分类号：

TH7 [仪器、仪表];

学科分类号：

0804 ; 080401 ; 081102 ;

摘要：

The Pierre Auger Observatory is a hybrid detector for ultra-high energy cosmic rays. It combines a surface array to measure secondary particles at ground level together with a fluorescence detector to measure the development of air showers in the atmosphere above the array. The fluorescence detector comprises 24 large telescopes specialized for measuring the nitrogen fluorescence caused by charged particles of cosmic ray air showers. In this paper we describe the components of the fluorescence detector including its optical system, the design of the camera, the electronics, and the systems for relative and absolute calibration. We also discuss the operation and the monitoring of the detector. Finally, we evaluate the detector performance and precision of shower reconstructions. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved.

引用

页码：227 / 251

页数：25

共 61 条

[1] Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Abraham, J. ;

Abreu, P. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Ahn, E. J. ;

Allard, D. ;

Allen, J. ;

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ;

Ambrosio, M. ;

Anchordoqui, L. ;

Andringa, S. ;

Anticic, T. ;

Anzalone, A. ;

Aramo, C. ;

Arganda, E. ;

Arisaka, K. ;

Arqueros, F. ;

Asorey, H. ;

Assis, P. ;

Aublin, J. ;

Ave, M. ;

Avila, G. ;

Baecker, T. ;

Badagnani, D. ;

Balzer, M. ;

Barber, K. B. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Baughman, B. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Becker, B. R. ;

Becker, K. H. ;

Belletoile, A. ;

Bellido, J. A. ;

BenZvi, S. ;

Berat, C. ;

Bergmann, T. ;

Bertou, X. ;

Biermann, P. L. ;

Billoir, P. ;

Blanch-Bigas, O. ;

Blanco, F. ;

Blanco, M. ;

Bleve, C. ;

Bluemer, H. ;

Bohacova, M. ;

Boncioli, D. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Bonino, R. ;

Borodai, N. .

PHYSICS LETTERS B, 2010, 685 (4-5) :239-246

[2] A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Abraham, J. ;

Abreu, P. ;

Aglietta, M. ;

Aguirre, C. ;

Ahn, E. J. ;

Allard, D. ;

Allekotte, I. ;

Allen, J. ;

Alvarez-Muniz, J. ;

Ambrosio, M. ;

Anchordoqui, L. ;

Andringa, S. ;

Anzalone, A. ;

Aramo, C. ;

Arganda, E. ;

Arisaka, K. ;

Arqueros, F. ;

Asch, T. ;

Asorey, H. ;

Assis, P. ;

Aublin, J. ;

Ave, M. ;

Avila, G. ;

Baecker, T. ;

Badagnani, D. ;

Barber, K. B. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Barroso, S. L. C. ;

Baughman, B. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Beatty, J. J. ;

Beau, T. ;

Becker, B. R. ;

Becker, K. H. ;

Belletoile, A. ;

Bellido, J. A. ;

BenZvi, S. ;

Berat, C. ;

Bertou, X. ;

Biermann, P. L. ;

Billoir, P. ;

Blanch-Bigas, O. ;

Blanco, F. ;

Bleve, C. ;

Bluemer, H. ;

Bohacova, M. ;

Boncioli, D. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Bonino, R. ;

Borodai, N. .

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2010, 33 (02) :108-129

[3] The prototype high-resolution Fly's Eye cosmic ray detector [J].

Abu-Zayyad, T ;

Al-Seady, M ;

Belov, K ;

Bird, DJ ;

Boyer, J ;

Chen, G ;

Clay, RW ;

Dai, HY ;

Dawson, BR ;

Ho, Y ;

Huang, MA ;

Jui, CCH ;

Kidd, MJ ;

Kieda, DB ;

Knapp, BC ;

Lee, W ;

Loh, EC ;

Mannel, EJ ;

Matthews, JN ;

O'Halloran, TA ;

Salman, A ;

Simpson, KM ;

Smith, JD ;

Sokolsky, P ;

Sommers, P ;

Thomas, SB ;

Wiencke, LR ;

Wilkinson, CR ;

Wild, NR .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2000, 450 (2-3) :253-269

[4] GEANT4-a simulation toolkit [J].

Agostinelli, S ;

Allison, J ;

Amako, K ;

Apostolakis, J ;

Araujo, H ;

Arce, P ;

Asai, M ;

Axen, D ;

Banerjee, S ;

Barrand, G ;

Behner, F ;

Bellagamba, L ;

Boudreau, J ;

Broglia, L ;

Brunengo, A ;

Burkhardt, H ;

Chauvie, S ;

Chuma, J ;

Chytracek, R ;

Cooperman, G ;

Cosmo, G ;

Degtyarenko, P ;

Dell'Acqua, A ;

Depaola, G ;

Dietrich, D ;

Enami, R ;

Feliciello, A ;

Ferguson, C ;

Fesefeldt, H ;

Folger, G ;

Foppiano, F ;

Forti, A ;

Garelli, S ;

Giani, S ;

Giannitrapani, R ;

Gibin, D ;

Cadenas, JJG ;

González, I ;

Abril, GG ;

Greeniaus, G ;

Greiner, W ;

Grichine, V ;

Grossheim, A ;

Guatelli, S ;

Gumplinger, P ;

Hamatsu, R ;

Hashimoto, K ;

Hasui, H ;

Heikkinen, A ;

Howard, A .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2003, 506 (03) :250-303

[5] The surface detector system of the Pierre Auger Observatory [J].

Allekotte, I. ;

Barbosa, A. F. ;

Bauleo, P. ;

Bonifazi, C. ;

Civit, B. ;

Escobar, C. O. ;

Garcia, B. ;

Guedes, G. ;

Berisso, M. Gomez ;

Harton, J. L. ;

Healy, M. ;

Kaducak, M. ;

Mantsch, P. ;

Mazur, P. O. ;

Newman-Holmes, C. ;

Pepe, I. ;

Rodriguez-Cabo, I. ;

Salazar, H. ;

Grande, N. Smetniansky-De ;

Warner, D. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 586 (03) :409-420

[6] The camera of the Pierre Auger Observatory Fluorescence Detector [J].

Ambrosio, M ;

Aramo, C ;

Bracci, F ;

Facal, P ;

Fonte, R ;

Gallo, G ;

Kemp, E ;

Matthiae, G ;

Nicotra, D ;

Privitera, P ;

Raia, G ;

Tusi, E ;

Vitali, G .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2002, 478 (1-2) :125-129

[7] The analog signal processor of the Auger fluorescence detector prototype [J].

Argirò, S ;

Camin, DV ;

Cattaneo, P ;

Destro, M ;

Fonte, R ;

Gariboldi, R ;

Grassi, V ;

Lapolla, M ;

Manfredi, PF ;

Menichetti, E ;

Nicotra, M ;

Privitera, P ;

Ratti, L ;

Re, V ;

Speziali, V ;

Trapani, P .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2001, 461 (1-3) :440-448

[8] Air fluorescence relevant for cosmic-ray detection-Summary of the 5th fluorescence workshop, El Escorial 2007 [J].

Arqueros, Fernando ;

Horandel, Jorg R. ;

Keilhauer, Bianca .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 597 (01) :1-22

[9] Measurement of the pressure dependence of emission induced by electrons [J].

Ave, M. ;

Bohacova, M. ;

Buonomo, B. ;

Busca, N. ;

Cazon, L. ;

Chemerisov, S. D. ;

Conde, M. E. ;

Crowell, R. A. ;

Di Carlo, P. ;

Di Giulio, C. ;

Doubrava, M. ;

Esposito, A. ;

Facal, P. ;

Franchini, F. J. ;

Hoerandel, J. ;

Hrabovsky, M. ;

Iarlori, M. ;

Kasprzyk, T. E. ;

Keilhauer, B. ;

Klages, H. ;

Kleifges, M. ;

Kuhlmann, S. ;

Mazzitelli, G. ;

Nozka, L. ;

Obermeier, A. ;

Palatka, M. ;

Petrera, S. ;

Privitera, P. ;

Ridky, J. ;

Rizi, V. ;

Rodriguez, G. ;

Salamida, F. ;

Schovanek, P. ;

Spinka, H. ;

Strazzeri, E. ;

Ulrich, A. ;

Yusof, Z. M. ;

Vacek, V. ;

Valente, P. ;

Verzi, V. ;

Waldenmaier, T. .

ASTROPARTICLE PHYSICS, 2007, 28 (01) :41-57

[10] A novel method for the absolute fluorescence yield measurement by AIRFLY [J].

Ave, M. ;

Bohacova, M. ;

Buonomo, B. ;

Busca, N. ;

Cazon, L. ;

Chernerisov, S. D. ;

Conde, M. E. ;

Crowell, R. A. ;

Di Carlo, P. ;

Di Giulio, C. ;

Doubrava, M. ;

Esposito, A. ;

Facal, R. ;

Franchini, F. J. ;

Hoerandel, J. R. ;

Hrabovsky, M. ;

Iarlori, M. ;

Kasprzyk, T. E. ;

Keilhauer, B. ;

Klages, H. ;

Kleifges, M. ;

Kuhlmann, S. ;

Mazzitelli, G. ;

Nozka, L. ;

Obermeier, A. ;

Palatka, M. ;

Petrera, S. ;

Privitera, P. ;

Ridky, J. ;

Rizi, V. ;

Rodriguez, G. ;

Salamida, F. ;

Schovanek, P. ;

Spinka, H. ;

Strazzeri, E. ;

Ulrich, A. ;

Yusof, Z. M. ;

Vacek, V. ;

Valente, R. ;

Verzi, V. ;

Waldenmaier, T. .

NUCLEAR INSTRUMENTS & METHODS IN PHYSICS RESEARCH SECTION A-ACCELERATORS SPECTROMETERS DETECTORS AND ASSOCIATED EQUIPMENT, 2008, 597 (01) :55-60

← 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 →